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氣缸的技術(shù)參數(shù)
1)氣缸的輸出力 氣缸理論輸出力的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算與液壓缸類(lèi)似,可參見(jiàn)液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì) 算.如雙作用單活塞桿氣缸推力計(jì)算如下: 理論推力(活塞桿伸出) Ft1=A1p (13-1) 理論拉力(活塞桿縮回) Ft2=A2p 式中 (13-2) Ft1,Ft2——氣缸理論輸出力(N) ; A1,A2——無(wú)桿腔,有桿腔活塞面積(m2) ; p — 氣缸工作壓力(Pa) . 實(shí)際中, 由于活塞等運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的慣性力以及密封等部分的摩擦力, 活塞桿的實(shí)際輸出力 小于理論推力,稱這個(gè)推力為氣缸的實(shí)際輸出力.
氣缸的效率 η 是氣缸的實(shí)際推力和理論推力的比值,即 F η= Ft (13-3) 所以 F = η ( A1 p ) 氣缸的效率取決于密封的種類(lèi),氣缸內(nèi)表面和活塞桿加工的狀態(tài)及潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài).此外,氣 缸的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度,排氣腔壓力,外載荷狀況及管道狀態(tài)等都會(huì)對(duì)效率產(chǎn)生一定的影響.
2) 負(fù)載率β 從對(duì)氣缸運(yùn)行特性的研究可知, 要精確確定氣缸的實(shí)際輸出力是困難的. 于是在研究氣缸性能和確定氣缸的出力時(shí),常用到負(fù)載率的概念.氣缸的負(fù)載率β定義為 β= 氣缸的實(shí)際負(fù)載 F × 100 % 氣缸的理論輸出力 Ft (l3-5) 氣缸的實(shí)際負(fù)載是由實(shí)際工況所決定的,若確定了氣缸負(fù)載率 θ,則由定義就能確定氣 缸的理論輸出力,從而可以計(jì)算氣缸的缸徑. 對(duì)于阻性負(fù)載,如氣缸用作氣動(dòng)夾具,負(fù)載不產(chǎn)生慣性力,一般選取負(fù)載率β為 0.8; 對(duì)于慣性負(fù)載,如氣缸用來(lái)推送工件,負(fù)載將產(chǎn)生慣性力,負(fù)載率β的取值如下 β<0.65 當(dāng)氣缸低速運(yùn)動(dòng),v <100 mm/s 時(shí); β<0.5 當(dāng)氣缸中速運(yùn)動(dòng),v=100～500 mm/s 時(shí); β<0.35 當(dāng)氣缸高速運(yùn)動(dòng),v >500 mm/s 時(shí).
3)氣缸耗氣量 氣缸的耗氣量是活塞每分鐘移動(dòng)的容積,稱這個(gè)容積為壓縮空氣耗氣 量,一般情況下,氣缸的耗氣量是指自由空氣耗氣量. 4)氣缸的特性 氣缸的特性分為靜態(tài)特性和動(dòng)態(tài)特性.氣缸的靜態(tài)特性是指與缸的輸 出力及耗氣量密切相關(guān)的zui低工作壓力,zui高工作壓力,摩擦阻力等參數(shù).氣缸的動(dòng)態(tài)特性 是指在氣缸運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中氣缸兩腔內(nèi)空氣壓力,溫度,活塞速度,位移等參數(shù)隨時(shí)間的變化情 況.它能真實(shí)地反映氣缸的工作性能. 四,氣缸的選型及計(jì)算 1.氣缸的選型步驟 氣缸的選型應(yīng)根據(jù)工作要求和條件, 正確選擇氣缸的類(lèi)型. 下面以單活塞桿雙作用缸為 例介紹氣缸的選型步驟. (1)氣缸缸徑.根據(jù)氣缸負(fù)載力的大小來(lái)確定氣缸的輸出力,由此計(jì)算出氣缸的缸徑. (2)氣缸的行程.氣缸的行程與使用的場(chǎng)合和機(jī)構(gòu)的行程有關(guān),但一般不選用滿行程. (3)氣缸的強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性計(jì)算 (4)氣缸的安裝形式.氣缸的安裝形式根據(jù)安裝位置和使用目的等因素決定.一般情況 下,采用固定式氣缸.在需要隨工作機(jī)構(gòu)連續(xù)回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)(如車(chē)床,磨床等) ,應(yīng)選用回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸. 在活塞桿除直線運(yùn)動(dòng)外,還需作圓弧擺動(dòng)時(shí),則選用軸銷(xiāo)式氣缸.有特殊要求時(shí),應(yīng)選用相 應(yīng)的特種氣缸. (5)氣缸的緩沖裝置.根據(jù)活塞的速度決定是否應(yīng)采用緩沖裝置. (6)磁性開(kāi)關(guān).當(dāng)氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用電氣控制方式時(shí),可選用帶磁性開(kāi)關(guān)的氣缸. (7)其它要求.如氣缸工作在有灰塵等惡劣環(huán)境下,需在活塞桿伸出端安裝防塵罩. 要求無(wú)污染時(shí)需選用無(wú)給油或無(wú)油潤(rùn)滑氣缸. 2.氣缸直徑計(jì)算 氣缸直徑的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算需根據(jù)其負(fù)載大小,運(yùn)行速度和系統(tǒng)工作壓力來(lái)決定.首先,根據(jù) 氣缸安裝及驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載的實(shí)際工況,分析計(jì)算出氣缸軸向?qū)嶋H負(fù)載 F,再由氣缸平均運(yùn)行速度 來(lái)選定氣缸的負(fù)載率 θ,初步選定氣缸工作壓力(一般為 0.4 MPa～0.6 MPa) ,再由 F/θ, 計(jì)算出氣缸理論出力 Ft, zui后計(jì)算出缸徑及桿徑, 并按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圓整得到實(shí)際所需的缸徑和桿徑. 例題 氣缸推動(dòng)工件在水平導(dǎo)軌上運(yùn)動(dòng).已知工件等運(yùn)動(dòng)件質(zhì)量為 m=250 kg,工件與 導(dǎo)軌間的摩擦系數(shù) =0.25,氣缸行程 s 為 400 mm,經(jīng) 1.5 s 時(shí)間工件運(yùn)動(dòng)到位,系統(tǒng) 工作壓力 p = 0.4 MPa,試選定氣缸直徑. 解:氣缸實(shí)際軸向負(fù)載 F = mg =0.25 × 250 × 9.81=613.13 N 氣缸平均速度 s 400 v= = ≈ 267 mm/s t 1.5 選定負(fù)載率 θ =0.5 則氣缸理論輸出力 F1 = F 雙作用氣缸理論推力 θ = 613.13 = 1226.6 N 0.5 1 F1 = πD 2 p 4 氣缸直徑 按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選定氣缸缸徑為 63 mm. D= 4 Ft 4 ×1226.3 = ≈ 62.48 mm πp 3.14 × 0.4

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